Some of them involve simulations of movement using a detailed musculoskeletal model of the human body.
Since computing abilities have increased significantly in recent years, new methods have been developed in biomechanics. The need for more research evaluating athletes’ technique, including the design of biomechanical models, was described by Bartlett (1992). The presence of force plates during research also permits an analysis of the energy transfer between body segments ( Błażkiewicz et al., 2016, 2019). (2002) collected kinetic data and found a significant correlation between ground reaction force (GRF) data and the distance achieved by discus throwers. (2003) have indicated that, in fact, vastus lateralis and pectoralis major muscle activity is essential for successful shot putting. Those authors suggest that the conducted research will provide coaches with new information concerning throwing techniques. (2017) present a map of electrical activation in chosen muscles of the lower extremities for shot putters. To obtain information about muscle activity, electromyography (EMG) is used. In other kinematic studies the work of the hand action force was calculated (Landolsi et al., 2018). Additionally, Leigh and Yu (2010) report that the angle between the hips and the shoulder line immediately before the flight phase in discus throwing is associated with the resulting performance level. A sequential increase in segments' velocity has also been observed in shot putting ( Lanka and Shalmanov, 1982). The speed also increases in the same direction. (1993) indicate that during the javelin throw peak velocity first occurs at the hip, then in the shoulder and then the elbow. 60-75% of release speed is obtained for the javelin throw ( Morriss and Bartlett, 1996) and discus throw ( Bartlett, 1992). Kinematic analysis has underlined the importance of the delivery phase and sequential muscle action. It has also been proven that release velocity strongly correlates with achieved performance ( Bartonietz, 2000 Viitasalo et al., 2003). The first two are generally constant for top-level athletes, thus it is the release velocity that mainly determines the distance of the throw ( Bartlett, 2000). The main release variables are: the angle of release, release height and release velocity. Studies evaluating technique in athletics throwing events focus mainly on the release variables ( Bartlett, 2000 Hubbard et al., 2001 Viitasalo et al., 2003), the flight of implements ( Hubbard, 2000 Salo and Viita salo, 1995), as well as athletes' kinematics ( Bartlett, 2000 Liu et al., 2014), and kinetics ( Yu et al., 2002). Musculoskeletal simulations of throwing styles might help coaches analyze the techniques of individual athletes, resulting in better adjustment of training programmes and injury prevention protocols. This work provides a better understanding of the techniques used in athletics throws. The contribution of right ankle plantar flexors at the beginning of the final acceleration phase as well as left hip extensors at the end of the final acceleration phase was given special attention. For each discipline, it was found that the main muscle groups involved in the throwing movement were better at distinguishing throwers than joint velocities.
Shotput and discus software#
OpenSim software was used to calculate muscle forces and joint velocities. Musculoskeletal simulations were carried out based on kinematic and kinetic data collected using the Vicon system and Kistler plates with the help of nine top Polish athletes (three in each event). In this study, important variables of the muscle force generated during the javelin, discus and shot put events were determined using OpenSim software. However, muscle force patterns and the contribution of specific muscle groups in athletics throwing events are not well understood and require detailed research. Mathematical models and simulations allow throwing techniques to be studied. Optimal release variables, as well as the kinematics and kinetics of athletes, are crucial for the maximization of throwing distance in athletics.
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